Bernoulli's Principle

How to apply Bernoulli between two points at different elevations?

Bernoulli’s principle is one of the cornerstones of fluid dynamics. It tells us that the total mechanical energy of a fluid in steady, streamline (laminar) flow is conserved, provided the fluid is incompressible and viscosity is negligible. This leads to Bernoulli’s equation:

P + ½ρv² + ρgy = constant

Here:

• P is the static pressure (force per unit area exerted by the fluid at rest against walls).
• ½ρv² is the dynamic pressure (kinetic energy per unit volume due to motion).
• ρgy is the pressure head or elevation head (potential energy per unit volume due to height).

Together, these represent pressure energy, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy of a fluid per unit volume.

How to Use the Equation

Pick two points along a streamline in the same fluid system. Write Bernoulli’s equation for those two points:

P₁ + ½ρv₁² + ρgy₁ = P₂ + ½ρv₂² + ρgy₂

Substitute known values (pressures, heights, velocities) and solve for the unknown.

If you know pressure difference, you can calculate velocity. If you know velocity change, you can find pressure drop. With height changes, you can relate pressure to gravitational potential energy.

Combine with continuity equation (A₁v₁ = A₂v₂) if pipe areas are different, to connect velocities at different sections.

👉 In short, Bernoulli’s equation is an energy conservation statement for fluids. It’s powerful for solving AP Physics and engineering problems, but only when its assumptions are met. The trick is not just plugging into the formula but also recognizing when it applies and what each term physically means.

How to Use the Simulation

Start with the default settings to see a balanced flow. Use the sliders under Input Parameters to change P₁, v₁, A₁, h₁, A₂, h₂, and ρ.

Watch the flow visualization on top update instantly: the streamlines speed up or slow down, pressure values change, and the interpretation panel explains what’s happening.

Try different scenarios:

1. Nozzle and diffuser Bernoulli simulation: set A₂ smaller or larger.
2. Horizontal pipe Bernoulli simulation: keep h₁ = h₂.
3. Airfoil lift Bernoulli simulation: mimic faster flow at the top section.
4. Pitot tube Bernoulli simulation: reduce velocity to zero and compare pressures.

Think of this as your own online Bernoulli lab—a safe way to play with variables, test predictions, and reinforce your understanding of fluid mechanics.